
What K-Pop Demon Hunters Teaches Us About Media Literacy Education
By Hyeon-Seon Jeong
When K-Pop Demon Hunters rose to the top of Netflixโs global charts, many South Korean viewers encountered the film not as a domestic cultural release but as news of an international sensation. This reversed trajectoryโglobal acclaim preceding local engagementโhighlights a key feature of todayโs platform-driven media ecosystem, in which global platforms reorganize cultural circulation beyond national media systems (Lobato, 2019). For media literacy educators, the film offers a revealing case for examining how culture, youth, and labor are reshaped through global platforms.
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From a South Korean perspective, responses to K-Pop Demon Hunters have been deeply ambivalent. Pride in seeing Korean-inspired aesthetics gain global recognition coexists with unease about the conditions under which that success is produced. Although widely framed as โKorean content,โ the film emerged from a transnational production system involving Korean diaspora creators, U.S.-based studios, and Netflixโs global infrastructure. This raises a foundational media literacy question: who defines what counts as โKorean cultureโ in a platform economy, and who benefits from its circulation? Such tensions reflect research on the platformization of cultural production, where identity is shaped by platform logics of scale, branding, and monetization (Nieborg & Poell, 2018; Park, Kim, & Lee, 2023).
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Approaching the film through critical platform literacy shifts attention from representation alone to the infrastructures that shape visibility and value. Netflix does not merely distribute content; it actively organizes cultural meaning through commissioning, algorithmic promotion, and global branding (Gillespie, 2018; van Dijck, Poell, & de Waal, 2018). In educational settings, this perspective encourages us to analyze platforms as cultural gatekeepers rather than neutral conduits, and to consider how platform logics determine which stories become legible and profitable worldwide.
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At the same time, the filmโs success cannot be explained by platform power alone. Many South Korean viewers emphasized that K-Pop Demon Hunters is genuinely entertaining. Its depiction of contemporary Korean popular cultureโparticularly the aesthetics of K-pop idols shaped within a competitive entertainment systemโfelt familiar and engaging, while the music and performances were widely praised. Pedagogically, this matters: media literacy education must address the coexistence of pleasure and critique, encouraging analysis without dismissing why popular texts resonate (Buckingham, 2003).
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The global fandom response further enhances the filmโs educational value. International audiences formed enthusiastic fandoms around entirely fictional idol groups, producing fan art, cover dances, and online rivalries. South Korean viewers found this both amusing and unsettling, as it closely mirrored real K-pop fandom practices. This phenomenon provides an entry point into discussions of parasocial relationships (Horton & Wohl, 1956), affective investment, and participatory culture, where audiences actively contribute to meaning- making (Jenkins, 2006).
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Another layer emerges through the real-life story of EJAE (Lee Jae), the singer behind the filmโs main character. In South Korea, EJAE trained under SM Entertainment for years but did not debut and was dropped in 2015, later building a successful career in the U.S. This trajectory is often read as a quiet critique of a highly competitive education and training culture that prioritizes endurance over sustainability, inviting reflection on how talent and cultural labor are unevenly valued (Hesmondhalgh, 2019).
Ultimately, K-Pop Demon Hunters is not simply a story about idols and demons. It is a platform text that reveals how global media culture operatesโhow identities are packaged, fandoms mobilized, and success unevenly distributed within the platform society (van Dijck, Poell, & de Waal, 2018). For educators, the film offers an opportunity to help students ask not only what they are watching, but under what conditions such watching becomes possible.
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Buckingham, D. (2003). Media education: Literacy, learning and contemporary culture. Polity Press.
Duffy, B. E. (2017). (Not) getting paid to do what you love: Gender, social media, and aspirational work. Yale University Press.
Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, content moderation, and the hidden decisions that shape social media. Yale University Press.
Hesmondhalgh, D. (2019). The cultural industries (4th ed.). Sage.
Horton, D., & Richard Wohl, R. (1956). Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction: Observations on Intimacy at a Distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215โ229.
Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York University Press.
Lobato, R. (2019). Netflix nations: The geography of digital distribution. New York University Press.
Nieborg, D. B., & Poell, T. (2018). The platformization of cultural production: Theorizing the contingent cultural commodity. New Media & Society, 20(11), 4275-4292.ย
Park, J. H., Kim, K. A., & Lee, Y. (2023). Netflix and platform imperialism: How Netflix alters the ecology of the Korean TV drama industry. International Journal of Communication, 17.ย
van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & de Waal, M. (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press.
Hyeon-Seon Jeong (Ph.D.) is a professor at Gyeongin National University of Education and Founder and Course Leader of the MEd/EdD program in Digital Media Education. Her work focuses on digital media literacy, critical platform literacy, digital parenting, and teacher education from a childrenโs rights perspective.
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ใK-Pop Demon Huntersใ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์ ๊ต์ก์ ์ฃผ๋ ํํธ๋ค
์ ํ์
ใK-Pop Demon Huntersใ๊ฐ ๋ทํ๋ฆญ์ค ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฐจํธ 1์์ ์ค๋ฅด์, ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ง์ ์์ฒญ์๋ ์ด ์ํ๋ฅผ โ๊ตญ๋ด์์ ๋จผ์ ํฅํ ์ํโ์ด ์๋๋ผ โํด์ธ์์ ๋จผ์ ๋๋ฐ ๋ ์ํโ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ โ์ญ์ ๋โ ํฅํ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ ์์ฆ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ผ๋ง๋ ํ๋ซํผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋์ง ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฌธํ ์ฝํ ์ธ ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์์์๋ง ๋๊ณ ๋๋๋ ๊ฒ ์๋๋ผ, ๋ทํ๋ฆญ์ค ๊ฐ์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ํ๋ซํผ์ ํตํด ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ ๋์ด ์์ง์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ฌธํ์ ๊ฐ์น์ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์๋ก ์ง์ธ๋ค(Lobato, 2019). ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์ ๊ต์ก ๊ด์ ์์ ใK-Pop Demon Huntersใ๋ ๋ฌธํ, ์ฒญ์๋ , ๋ ธ๋์ด ํ๋ซํผ์ ํตํด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋์ง ์ดํด๋ณด๊ธฐ์ ์ข์ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ์์ ์ด ์ํ์ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ๋ฐ์์ ๊ฝค ๋ณตํฉ์ ์ด๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ์ด ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ค๋ ์๋ถ์ฌ์ด ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์ฑ๊ณต์ด ์ด๋ค ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋์ง์ ๋ํ ๋ถํธํจ๋ ํจ๊ป ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ใK-Pop Demon Huntersใ๋ ํํ โํ๊ตญ ์ฝํ ์ธ โ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ง๋ง, ์ค์ ๋ก๋ ํ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋์์คํฌ๋ผ ์ฐฝ์์, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ ์ ์์คํ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ทํ๋ฆญ์ค์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ธํ๋ผ๊ฐ ํจ๊ป ์ฝํ ์ด๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์์ ๋์จ ์ํ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์ด๋ฐ ์ง๋ฌธ์ด ์๊ธด๋ค. ํ๋ซํผ ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ โํ๊ตญ ๋ฌธํโ๋ ๋๊ฐ ์ ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ ํต์ผ๋ก ์๊ธด ์ด์ต์ ๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ? ์ด๋ฐ ๊ธด์ฅ์ ๋ฌธํ ์์ฐ์ด ํ๋ซํผ์ ๊ท๋ชจ, ๋ธ๋๋ฉ, ์์ตํ ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ํด ์ ์ ๋ ์ข์ฐ๋๋ค๋ ๋ ผ์์๋ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ค(Nieborg & Poell, 2018; Park, Kim, & Lee, 2023).
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋นํ์ ํ๋ซํผ ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์(critical platform literacy) ๊ด์ ์ ์ค์ํ ์ ํ์ ๋ง๋ ๋ค. ๋จ์ง โํ๊ตญ์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ก๋โ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ง๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฉ์ถ์ง ์๊ณ , ๋ฌด์์ด ๋ ์ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ๋ ๋ง์ด ์๋น๋๋๋ก โ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ผ๋กโ ์ค๊ณ๋๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ทํ๋ฆญ์ค๋ ์ฝํ ์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฅ ์ ํต๋ง ํ๋ ํ๋ซํผ์ด ์๋๋ค. ๋ฌด์์ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ , ์ด๋ค ์ํ์ ๋ ๋ ธ์ถํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ค ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์์ฅ์ ํ๋ฆด์ง๊น์ง ๊ธฐํํ๊ณ ์กฐ์งํ๋ค(Gillespie, 2018; van Dijck, Poell, & de Waal, 2018). ๊ต์ก์์๋ ํ๋ซํผ์ โ์ค๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํต๋กโ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ โ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ฌธ์ง๊ธฐโ๋ก ๋ถ์ํด ๋ณด๊ฒ ํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ค ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ํตํ๊ณ (์ฝํ๊ณ ), ๋์ด ๋๋์ง(์์ต์ด ๋๋์ง)๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ํ๋ซํผ์ ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฌป๊ฒ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๊ณ ์ด ์ํ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ํ๋ซํผ์ ํ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ค๋ช ํ ์๋ ์๋ค. ๋ง์ ํ๊ตญ ์์ฒญ์๋ ใK-Pop Demon Huntersใ๊ฐ โ๊ทธ๋ฅ ์ฌ๋ฏธ์๋คโ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. K-pop ์์ด๋ ๋ฌด๋์ ๋ฏธํ, ์์ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ํ๋ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ์ฐ์ถ, ์ต์ํ ํ๊ตญ ๋์ค๋ฌธํ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ๋ น์ ์๊ณ , ์์ ๊ณผ ํผํฌ๋จผ์ค์ ์์ฑ๋๋ ๋๋ค๋ ํ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค. ๊ต์ก์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ํ ๊ฑด ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ํ ๊ฑธ์ ๋ ๋์๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฌ์ ๊ต์ก์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์๊ณผ ๋นํ์ด ๋์์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ค๋ค์ผ ํ๋ค. โ์ฌ๋ฏธ์์ผ๋๊น ๋นํํ๋ฉด ์ ๋๋คโ๋ ์๋๊ณ , โ๋นํํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ํด์ผ ํ๋คโ๋ ์๋๋ค. ์ธ๊ธฐ ํ ์คํธ๊ฐ ์ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ์ง ์ธ์ ํ๋ฉด์, ๊ทธ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ด ์ด๋ค ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋์ง ๋ถ์ํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ํ์ํ๋ค(Buckingham, 2003).
๋ ํ๋ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ก์ด ์ง์ ์ ํด์ธ ํฌ๋ค์ ๋ฐ์์ด๋ค. ํด์ธ ์์ฒญ์๋ค์ ์ํ ์ ๊ฐ์์ ์์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๋๊ณ ํฌ์ํธ, ์ปค๋ฒ๋์ค, ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐ๊ณผ โํฌ๋ค ์ธ์โ๊น์ง ๋ง๋ค์ด๋๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ์์ฒญ์๋ค์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐํดํ๋ฉด์๋, ํ์ค์ K-pop ํฌ๋ค ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋ณต์ ๋๋ ๋ฏํด ๋ฌํ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ด ํ์์ ๊ฐ์์ ์กด์ฌ์๊ฒ ์น๋ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ผ๋ ์ค์ฌํ์ ๊ด๊ณ(parasocial relationship)(Horton & Wohl, 1956), ์ ์์ ๋ชฐ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํฌ๋ค์ด ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ ๋ฌธํ(participatory culture)(Jenkins, 2006)๋ฅผ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐํ๊ธฐ์ ์ข์ ์ถ๋ฐ์ ์ด ๋๋ค.
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก์ EJAE(์ด์ฌ)์ ์ค์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊น์ง ๋ํ๋ฉด, ์ํ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋์ง๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์์ EJAE๋ ํน๋ ํ ์์ด๋ ํธ๋ ์ด๋์ ๋ฒํฐ์ง ๋ชปํ์ง๋ง, ์ดํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ด์ ์ฐฝ์์๋ก ์ฑ๊ณตํ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ๋ ์๋ค์ ์ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ฑ๊ณต๋ด์ผ๋ก๋ง ๋ณด์ง ์๊ณ , โ๋ฒํ จ์ผ๋ง ํ๋โ ๊ฒฝ์์ ๊ต์กยทํ๋ จ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ํ ์กฐ์ฉํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ฐฝ์ ์ฐ์ ์์ ์ฌ๋ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ๋ ธ๋์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ถ๊ท ๋ฑํ๊ฒ ํ๊ฐ๋๊ณ ๋ฐฐ์น๋๋์ง ๋์๋ณด๊ฒ ํ๋ค(Hesmondhalgh, 2019).
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ใK-Pop Demon Huntersใ๋ โ์์ด๋๊ณผ ์ ๋งโ๋ผ๋ ์ค์ ๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ ์ํ์ด ์๋๋ค. ์ด ์ํ๋ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ๋์๊ฐ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ํ๋ซํผ ํ ์คํธ๋ค. ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํฌ์ฅ๋๊ณ , ํฌ๋ค์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์์ง์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ๊ณต์ด ์ด๋ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์์์ ๋ถ๊ท ๋ฑํ๊ฒ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋๋์ง๊ฐ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค(van Dijck, Poell, & de Waal, 2018). ๊ต์ก์์๊ฒ ์ด ์ํ์ ์ข์ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ค. ํ์๋ค์ด โ๋ฌด์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋โ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ, โ์ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ก๋โ, โ๊ทธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๋๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์๋โ๊น์ง ๋ฌป๊ฒ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
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MediaEd Insights - February 2026 - K-Pop Demon Hunters
Opening Essay: โIs Korea Really Like That?โ: Teaching K-Content Literacy in the Age of Global Media by Jiwon Yoon
Review: What K-Pop Demon Hunters Teaches Us About Media Literacy Education by Hyeon-Seon Jeong
Lesson Plan: Good vs. Evil and the Limits of Empathy in K-Pop Demon Hunters by Elizaveta Friesem
Case Study: Who Benefits? K-pop Demon Hunters and the Media Ecosystem by Sejin Kim
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